Today, due to the globalization of organizations and product diversity, product sales competition has become more important in the marketing of fast-moving consumer goods. Different strategies can be used to differentiate goods in retail stores. The importance of retailers of fast-moving consumer goods and its effect on consumer behavior prompted the researcher to investigate this issue. It should be noted that due to the prevailing culture in Iran (unlike abroad), Iranian retailers take responsibility for marketing their goods in stores. As a result, designing a marketing pattern for retailers of fast-moving consumer goods can have a significant effect on the prosperity of this market segment. In this research, through qualitative research method and interview, we designed the marketing model of retailers of fast-moving consumer goods and its effect on consumer behavior. First, by reviewing the theoretical literature and using the content analysis method from two ways, manually and using Max QDE software to the four main themes "consumer factors in marketing, marketer tasks, store management and behavior "consumer" achieved and the marketing model of retailers of fast-moving consumer goods and its effect on consumer behavior was designed based on theoretical studies and interviews with 10 retailers. Finally, suggestions were made to reduce the gap and achieve the desired situation.

Consumption function explains the relationship between consumption expenditures and income. This study aims to estimate the aggregate consumption function in Iran during 1974-1998. Considering the presence of duality in the economy of Iran, the study deals with consumption function in rural and urban sectors, separately In addition, another disaggregation has been made to consider the consumption of durable and non-durable goods in those two sectors. The study reviews the consumption theory of Keynes, Dusernberry, Modigliany as well as Friedman. Then it testes empirically these theories in the economy of Iran applying an econometric method using OLS, interactive Cochrane-Orcutt and two step Wallis technique. To avoid a spurious regression it was assured that all variables are cointegrated. Findings from this research show that the aggregate consumption in Iran during 1974-1998 is more compatible with Friedman’s theory of permanent income. Other related theories are not deliberately able to explain the consumption behaviour in Iran. The findings also show that the long-run consumption function in Iran slops up constantly with no intercept. Therefore, in the long run, the marginal propensity to consume in Iran equals the average propensity to consume.

Nowadays, the foreign trade is considered as one of the most significant economical aspects of all countries particularly of the developing countries. The estimation of import demand has always been a great concern and a challenging issue for the economic and political authorities specially in the national, local and international strategic decision-markings. In this research, the type and the amount of the effects of some elements such as; the relative costs, the oil and gas revenues, the gross national product without considering oil and gas and the mine and industry value added on each of the import functions have been discussed. The results show that the previous period imports is a significant meaning for all three functions and has the most influence on the imports of the consumer goods while it has the least influence on the import of the capital goods. The import demand pricing has the highest elasticity for the intermediate goods and the lowest for the consumer goods. Finally, the gas and oil export revenues and also the mine and industry value added have the most influence on the import of the capital goods. JEL Classification: C32, C13, F10.  

The present research aimed at designing an indigenous model of durable goods’ consumer behavior based on the value theory in a closed economy (under sanctions) using the grounded theory approach. In this regard, in-depth and semi-structured interviews along with targeted and snowball sampling method were employed. The research statistical population included marketing professors and experts as well as household appliances practitioners. Data analysis was undertaken using open, axial and selective coding method. In this way, a paradigm model including 10 main categories, 22 sub-categories, and 116 concepts was designed. Based on the model, shopping values were introduced as consumer behavior’s causal factors, cultural and social values along with personal (internal) and external factors were introduced as antecedents. The characteristics of the consumer market were also enumerated as intervening factors with some effects on Iranian consumers’ behavior. Improvement strategies were considered as ways which result in consumer decapitation phenomenon and consumer loyalty. The present research results can help producers and policy makers to understand Iranian consumer's behavior towards Iran-made durable goods, especially in household appliance industry, and to develop appropriate strategies for managing the market regarding sanctions and import prohibitions.

As one of the driving forces of the modern economy, small and medium businesses play a significant role in improving employment opportunities, encouraging the increase of exports, and strengthening technological innovations. The purpose of this research is to present the branding model of consumer goods with a social responsibility approach. The research is exploratory in nature and mixed-in approach. In the qualitative part of the research and using the Delphi method, 30 university experts in the fields of management and marketing, organizational experts, management, and economics included senior managers, professors, and related to the field of management and economics. The quantitative section is an applied research purpose. Using the designed questionnaire after its validation process, it was distributed among the statistical sample (small and medium business experts) and finally led to the extraction and identification of variables. The statistical population was 5450 people, based on Cochran's formula, 357 people were randomly selected as a sample. The variables were identified using the Delphi method, and finally, the model was validated using the smart.pls, software. Based on research literature and experts' opinions, a total of 62 factors were identified. The fuzzy Delphi approach was used to screen the indicators and identify the final indicators, 55 indicators were extracted in the first round, 51 indicators in the second round, and 46 indicators in the third round. The identified barriers were identified in four dimensions, sales management, reasonable price, customer needs, and high accessibility, which have been assigned the first to fourth ranks. Validation of the model also showed that the numerical value of the GOF index was equal to 0.546, which is a strong index and shows the overall high quality of the model. Therefore, based on the results obtained from the research findings, it is suggested that arrangements be made based on knowledge and communication and information innovations to promote the branding of consumer goods with a social responsibility approach.

SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) play a vital role in developing countries like Indonesia, contributing 12.85% to the GDP. However, Indonesia ranks low in the Global Index of Digital Entrepreneurship Systems by the Asian Development Bank. A study in  Bekasi regency found that nearly 100% of SMEs still rely on conventional systems, facing common issues like low stock accuracy and lack of transparency. While software solutions exist, they often fail to address the real issues SMEs face in the real world. This research aims to create a digital transformation framework tailored to the real issues of SMEs, confirmed by stakeholders. This study used exploratory mixed methods, identifying seven steps for digital transformation: defining customer needs, identifying gaps, setting goals, selecting technology, addressing current problems, planning and financing, and evaluation. These steps cover six dimensions: Customer needs, Processes, Planning and Strategy, Technology, Resources, and Financing. The findings highlight that digital transformation is not just about adopting technology but involves a comprehensive approach grounded in customer needs. This framework offers significant value as a main contribution to academics, practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders by addressing SMEs’ real-world challenges and ensuring that digital transformation is effective and relevant